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Glossary of Technical Terms

(Airborne) Magnetic Survey	Geophysical survey which records the magnetic intensity of the earth's field and any local distortions caused by immediately underlying rocks.(Airborne if data is gathered by an aircraft or helicopter.)
AC	Air Core drilling - a rotary percussion RC technique in which the central part of the hole is not pulverised and forms a core which breaks off irregularly and provides more geological information than can be obtained from the usual percussion chips.
Aeolian	Sediments formed of mineral grains transported and deposited by wind.
Alluvial	Transported and deposited by the action of rivers and streams.
Analysis	Laboratory determination of the content of a specified element in a sample.
Aquifer	An underground stratum that will yield water in sufficient quantity to be of value as a source of supply.
Assay	Accurate laboratory determination of the concentration of a given element in a sample.
Basalt	A fine grained mafic volcanic lava.
Basement	Usually the crystalline rocks underlying the sediments and regolith.
Basin	A tectonically depressed area in which sediments may have been deposited.
Breccia	A rock formed of angular fragments.
Bulk Sample	A large sample possibly of several tonnes.
Calcareous	Said of a substance that contains calcium carbonate.
Calcrete	Conglomerate consisting of surficial sand and gravel cemented into a hard mass by calcium carbonate precipitated from solution and redeposited through the agency of infiltrating waters.
Cambrian	The oldest of the systems into which the Paleozoic stratified rocks are divided.
Chert	Hard flinty sedimentary rock comprised chiefly of silica.
Cupola	An area of upward doming in the upper contact of a granite.
Cut-off grade	The lowest grade of mineralised material that qualifies as ore in a given deposit; rock of the lowest assay included in an ore estimate.
Diagenesis	The set of processes that cause physical and chemical changes in sediment after it has been deposited and buried under another layer of sediment.
Diamond Drilling	Diamond Core drilling. A method of obtaining a cylindrical core of rock by drilling with a diamond impregnated annular bit, or a bit with small diamonds mounted on it. This grinds away the rock and the cuttings are flushed back to the drilling machine with water. The core gathers in a core tube which may be able to be pulled back to the machine to retrieve the core as it fills up.
Dolerite	Medium grained dark mafic igneous rock forming minor intrusions.
Dolomite	A mineral Ca Mg(CO₃)₂ and also a rock mainly composed of this mineral.
Dolostone	A sedimentary rock composed primarily of dolomite, a mineral made up of calcium, magnesium, carbon and oxygen.
Duricrust	A general term for a hard crust on the surface of, or layer in the upper horizons of, a soil in a semiarid climate.
Fault	Geological term that refers to a fracture or zone of fractures in the earth's crust along which the rock units on each side of the fracture have moved relative to one another.
Feasibility Study	A comprehensive study of a deposit in which all geological, engineering, operating, economic and other relevant factors are considered in sufficient detail that it could reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a financial institution to finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.
Ferricrete	A conglomerate consisting of surficial sand and gravel cemented into a hard mass by iron oxide derived from the oxidation of percolating solutions of iron salts.
Ferruginous	Pertaining to or containing iron; e.g. a sandstone that is cemented with iron oxide.
Fluorapatite	A calcium, phosphate and fluorine mineral, often forming the phosphate in phosphorites.
Fluorite	The mineral calcium fluoride CaF₂.
Footwall	The mass of rock beneath a fault, vein, lode or bed of ore.
Geophysical Exploration	Techniques of remotely sensing mineralisation by its physical properties or those of associated geological features.
Grade	Term used to designate extent to which metamorphism has advanced.
Greisen	A granite mineralogically altered by the passage of hot fluids.
Indurated	Said of a rock or soil hardened or consolidated by pressure, cementation or heat.
Intersection (drilling)	Refers to the length of mineralisation or other geological unit intersected in a drill hole.
JORC Code	The Australian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves which sets out the minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for public Reporting in Australasia for exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Revised and updated revisions of the JORC Code were issued in 1992, 1996, 1999 and 2004.
Laterite	Residual soil and weathering profile produced by tropical weathering conditions.
Lithology	The character and composition of a rock.
Metamorphism	A process by which rocks change structure and properties from the effects of heat and pressure over time.
Mineral Reserve	The economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A mineral reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined.
Mineral Resource	A concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilised organic material in or on the Earth's crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge.
Mineralisation	The presence of a mineral of economic interest in a rock.
Mudstone	Fine-grained detrital sedimentary rock made up of silt and clay sized particles.
NI 43-101	National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, of the Canadian Securities Administrators.
Open pit	Method of mining by pitting from the surface which allows maximum mechanisation of the operation.
Ore	A natural aggregate of one or more minerals which, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated.
Palaeozoic	The earliest era of the Phanerozoic Eon marked by the presence of marine invertebrates, fish, amphibians, insects and land plants.
Phosphorite	A phosphorous rich sedimentary rock that can form phosphorus ore.
Proterozoic	The younger rocks of the Precambrian era ranging in age from approximately 550My to 2,400My ago.
Qualified Person	Conforms to that definition under NI 43-101 for an individual: (a) to be an engineer or geoscientist with at least five years experience in mineral exploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or any combination of these; (b) with experience relevant to the subject matter of the mineral project and the technical report; and (c) is a member in good standing of a professional association that, among other things, is self-regulatory, has been given authority by statute, admits members based on their qualifications and experience, requires compliance with professional standards of competence and ethics and has disciplinary powers to suspend or expel a member.
RAB	Rotary Air Blast drilling employing a blade or roller bit, with the drill cuttings being brought to the surface by the air flow between the drill rods and the wall of the hole.
Radiometrics	A measure of the natural radiation in the earth's surface.
RC	Refer to Reverse Circulation Drilling.
Regolith	The mantle of loose incoherent rock material that forms the surface of the land.
Reverse Circulation Drilling	Method of drilling whereby rock chips are recovered by compressed air returning to the surface inside the drill rods. This method results in a clean and accurate sample if the drill rods are blown out after drilling each sample interval.
Rock Phosphate	Any rock that contains one or more phosphatic minerals of sufficient purity and quantity to permit its commercial use as a source of phosphatic compounds or elemental phosphorus.
Rotary Air Blast Drilling (RAB)	A method of drilling rock by means of a rotating bit and compressed air which carries the drill cuttings to the surface between the drill rods and the walls of the hole. This can mean there is some contamination of the sample.
Sandstone	A clastic sedimentary rock composed of grains of sand more or less firmly cemented by a matrix of silt, clay, or other cement.
Saprolite	A soft, earthy, typically clay-rich thoroughly decomposed rock, formed in place by chemical weathering of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Sediment	Rocks formed by the accumulation of the weathering products of pre-existing rocks.
Silcrete	A conglomerate consisting of surficial sand and gravel cemented into a hard mass by silica.
Silica	Silicon dioxide or SiO₂ - quartz.
Siltstone	Composed of particles finer than sand but coarser than clay.
Skarn	Typically the mineral assemblage resulting from the heat and fluid alteration of a limestone.
Stratigraphy	The succession of geological strata and the study thereof.
Strip Mining	Surface mining in which soil and rock covering sought-for commodity are moved to one side.
Supergene	Ore minerals that have been mobilised and redeposited by descending water often resulting in enrichment.
Tungsten	A steel grey heavy metallic element with a high melting point. Used for the filaments in electric lamps and in steel alloys and the very hard tungsten carbide. Also referred to as Wolfram.
Unconformity	The contact between sedimentary rocks which were deposited with different attitudes at different times.
Volcanic	Rocks and other features resulting from the eruption of a volcano.
Weathered	Refers to material which has been effected by the chemical and or physical actions of the atmosphere.